Artificial Intelligence and AI Act
-
The law is not an algorithm: the reservation of human adjudication between the AI Act, Law No 132/2025 and the CEPEJ guidelines
In December 2025 the European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice (CEPEJ) of the Council of Europe adopted its guidelines on the use of generative artificial intelligence for courts, and included in them a figure that deserves to be read before any consideration of principle: according to a survey conducted in October 2025 among the…
-
Informing is not the same as ensuring understanding: comprehensibility as a condition of transparency
There is a provision of Law No 132 of 23 September 2025 that almost always goes unnoticed and which, in our view, carries greater weight than many declarations of principle. Article 4(4) provides that a minor who has reached the age of fourteen may give consent to the processing of data connected with the use…
-
Automated deactivations and Article 22 of Regulation (EU) 2016/679: the fine imposed on Uber and the algorithmic management of work
In August 2026 the Dutch Data Protection Authority (Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens), in cooperation with the French data protection authority (CNIL), imposed on Uber B.V. and Uber Technologies Inc. a fine of EUR 824,990,000 for having taken automated individual decisions in respect of the platform’s drivers (CNIL). It is the third fine arising from the same collective…
-
Who answers when the system acts: attributability and liability in the AI value chain
Union law has always held firm on one point: the artificial intelligence system is an object, not a subject. Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 assigns it no duties and attributes to it no consequences, but constructs a list of operators, the provider, the product manufacturer, the deployer (as the Italian version of the Regulation calls the person…
-
Law 132/2025: the reservation of human decision-making and the blind spot of algorithmic bias
Law No 132 of 23 September 2025, laying down “Provisions and delegations to the Government on artificial intelligence”, has been in force since 10 October 2025 (Official Gazette (Gazzetta Ufficiale)). On 4 August 2026 the Council of Ministers gave final approval to the two legislative decrees exercising the delegations it contains (press release No 185);…
-
One standard, three designations: the Italian adoption of EN ISO/IEC 42001 on AI management systems
The list of standards published in August 2026, released by UNINFO on 2 September, contains a single entry: UNI CEI EN ISO/IEC 42001:2026, the national edition of the Standard on artificial intelligence management systems. The UNI catalogue entry sets out the coordinates: in force since 30 July 2026, available in Italian since 27 August, replacing…
-
When the law meets the digital giants: the Meta settlement, minors and the frontier of artificial intelligence agents
What happens when the law meets the digital giants? I discussed this on “Un Giorno Speciale” on Radio Radio, as a guest of Alessio De Paolis. The starting point was the settlement with which Meta closed, in the United States, the lawsuit brought by twenty-nine States over the impact of social media on minors. From…
-
ChatGPT a search engine, Reddit and Roblox platforms: the designations under the Digital Services Act
On 31 August 2026 the European Commission designated ChatGPT as a very large online search engine and Reddit and Roblox as very large online platforms under the Digital Services Act. The striking classification is the first: a conversational assistant built on artificial intelligence enters the regulation on digital services not as a platform, but in…
-
Frontier artificial intelligence reaches the board: a report due by 31 December
On 16 July 2026 the Official Journal of the European Union published a warning of the European Systemic Risk Board describing frontier artificial intelligence models as a source of systemic risk for the Union’s financial system. The following day the Bank of Italy and IVASS asked the boards of supervised intermediaries and of insurance undertakings…
-
Italy implements the AI Act: who supervises, what it costs and where the workplace ban stops
On 4 August 2026 the Italian Council of Ministers gave final approval to the two legislative decrees that align Italian law with Regulation (EU) 2024/1689, under the delegation contained in Article 24 of Law no. 132 of 23 September 2025. The first decree covers the use of artificial intelligence in policing and the related civil…