Training and teaching
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ISO/IEC 42005 and the impact assessment of AI systems: a compass between FRIA and DPIA
Published in May 2025, ISO/IEC 42005 offers organisations guidance for assessing the impact of AI systems on individuals, groups and society. A voluntary tool that sits in an ecosystem crowded with mandatory assessments: the FRIA of Article 27 of the AI Act and the DPIA of Article 35 of the GDPR. How do these three…
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EN 18286: the quality-management system for Article 17 of the AI Act nears publication
It is the most awaited European standard of the AI Act construction site: EN 18286 on the quality-management system for the Regulation’s regulatory purposes. Public enquiry closed, formal vote concluded in June 2026, publication imminent. But for the presumption of conformity a further step will still be needed: citation in the Official Journal of the…
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NIS 2, DORA and the Cyber Resilience Act: how to find your way when perimeters overlap
Three European acts, three regulatory logics, one goal: digital resilience. But for those who fall within several perimeters — from a bank to a software vendor — the question is concrete: which discipline prevails? The answer lies in the coordination clauses: Article 4 of NIS 2, the lex specialis of DORA and the complementarity of…
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GPAI models and the Code of Practice: the voluntary route to Chapter V compliance under the AI Act
Since 2 August 2025 the obligations of Chapter V of the AI Act apply to providers of general-purpose AI models. The General-Purpose AI Code of Practice, delivered to the Commission on 10 July 2025 and signed by over twenty providers, is its voluntary implementing tool: three chapters, from transparency to copyright to the safety and…
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ISO 45001 and climate change: when occupational health and safety meets the climate
With Amendment 1:2024 “Climate action changes”, climate change entered ISO 45001 expressly — the standard on occupational health and safety management systems, transposed in Italy as UNI EN ISO 45001:2023+A1 in October 2024. And with Accredia Technical Circular 24/2026 the conformity of work equipment became a condition for issuing and maintaining certificates. What does this…
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ISO 14001:2026, environmental management steps up: what certified organisations need to know
In April 2026 the new edition of ISO 14001 was published, the world’s reference standard for environmental management systems, transposed in Italian as UNI EN ISO 14001 (April 2026 edition), replacing the 2015 version as integrated by the 2024 climate Amendment. Not a revolution, but a targeted update: life cycle, climate, leadership and transparency. And…
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Certifying Artificial Intelligence: how an AIMS scheme works and what it does not promise
With ISO/IEC 42001 came the first certifiable standard on Artificial Intelligence management systems; with ISO/IEC 42006:2025 came the requirements for the bodies issuing the certifications. But how does an AIMS scheme actually work? And why is the certificate not — and cannot be — a “conformity licence” for the AI Act? The distinction between the…
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Health digital twins: GDPR, the AI Act and the EHDS put to the test by the patient’s digital twin
Digital twins in healthcare promise to simulate disease progression and personalise care. But a patient’s digital twin is, first of all, a large-scale processing of health data: when do synthetic data remain personal data? Who is the controller in a federated architecture? And what happens to the data of the deceased? The reflections that follow…
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The AI Act on the horizon: what will happen to Italian municipalities?
The AI Act’s prohibitions apply from 2 February 2025, most of its provisions from 2 August 2026, while the obligations for high-risk systems slip — by effect of the Digital Omnibus — to 2 December 2027 and 2 August 2028. Italian municipalities are part of this moving calendar too: not spectators, but deployers of AI…
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Drinking water: how does it reach our homes? Artificial Intelligence put to the test on water networks
Making cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable is Goal 11 of the UN 2030 Agenda. Yet in Italy more than 42% of the water fed into distribution networks is still lost, and in 2024 abstractions for drinking use hit their lowest level in twenty-five years. Between the national recovery plan (PNRR), the Internet of Things…